A body, institution or group of people with the power to decide legal disputes in accordance with law. Courts are typically established and dissolved through laws or constitutions. They may have specific jurisdiction in areas such as criminal and civil trials, family and juvenile cases, appeals, bankruptcy, or international trade. Some courts have nationwide jurisdiction, such as the United States Tax Court and the United States Court of Federal Claims.
A written document in a case, usually agreeing to and signed by all parties, that addresses issues in the case and requires the party to perform certain actions. The document may also be enforceable by the court if it is violated. Also called a pleading, a declaration or a judgment.
In a criminal case, a person who is considered to be competent to stand trial. A person must be able to understand the nature and object of the trial, consult with an attorney and assist in his or her own defense. A judge must determine whether a defendant is competent to stand trial before the court can proceed with the case.
A type of lower court, subordinate to an appellate court in a judicial system. Courts often have specialized jurisdiction such as bankruptcy, divorce and child custody. In some states, the word “court” is used to refer to a state legislature consisting of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In some states, the term “court” is also used to refer to the district courts and other special jurisdictions.
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